Metabolic and Environmental Control on Methane Emission from Soils: Mechanistic Studies of Mesotrophic Fen in West Siberia

The biological mechanisms regulating methane emission fromnatural wetlands are the focus of this article. A novel techniqueprovides estimates of the distribution of CH₄ sources withinan undisturbed soil profile by recording the transient gasdynamics after soil enclosure by deep (50 cm) chamber. Thecombined use of conventional surface and soil chambers across a200-m fen transect allowed us to relate the observed methaneemission to its instant generation and uptake. Surprisingly, themethane generation was relatively constant (9–12 mg CH₄-C hr^-1 m^-2) and highly variable net emission (0.2–20 mg CH₄-C hr^-1 m^-2) was closely correlated (r = –0.809)with methane uptake. In laboratory incubations, CH₄ uptakefollowed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Added chloride and nitrateirrespective of the cation's nature suppressed uptake as a strongnoncompetitive inhibitors (K _i 0.5 mM). The methaneformation turned out to be unstable and under anaerobicincubation, the formation of CH₄, CO₂ andH₂displayed sustained weekly oscillations. We conclude that effectsof environmental factors alone are not sufficient topredict the variation in emission, which depends also on metabolic control of respective soil organisms. The multitude ofsuch controls is dependent on diversity of respective soilorganisms and could be grouped into a limited number ofcategories considerably simplifying large-scale simulations.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the e ect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the e ect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously influence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously influence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coe cient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

2种湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜的形成及其对磷素吸收的影响

在田间条件下,运用土壤溶液原位抽提和毛细管电泳分析等技术,比较了芦竹(Arundo donaxLinn)和香蒲(Typhalatifolia)根表铁氧化物胶膜数量、土壤根际溶液磷质量浓度、根际土和根际溶液pH及根膜比等的差异,阐明了湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜对磷素从非根际土壤-根际土壤-根际溶液-根表铁氧化物胶膜-根系的迁移过程的影响以及在磷素净化中的根际调控机制.结果表明,芦竹和香蒲根表铁氧化物胶膜数量(以根系鲜重计)分别为20 170.8和7 640.3 mg/kg.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹、香蒲的根际土有效磷含量分别是28.85、34.99 mg/kg;各比其无铁氧化物胶膜增加了46.2%、21.9%.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹、香蒲的根际溶液磷质量浓度为0.65、0.56 mg/kg,分别比其无铁氧化物胶膜沉积高9.2%、33.9%.芦竹根表铁氧化物胶膜吸附的磷占根系吸附吸收磷的81.7%,香蒲是85.7%.根表有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹磷素利用有效性比无铁氧化物胶膜的植株高16.5%,香蒲高31.4%.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹和香蒲植株体内磷含量均比无铁氧化物胶膜高.同时,铁氧化物胶膜对磷酸盐的吸附提高了磷酸盐从非根际向根际、固相(根际土壤)向液相(根际土壤溶液)的迁移速率.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的湿地植物根际土有效磷含量累积,无铁氧化物胶膜沉积的湿地植物根际土有效磷含量耗竭.     

陆生经济植物浮床去除富营养化水中氮素研究

通过玻璃缸静态培养试验,探讨陆生经济植物芹菜(Apium graveolens L).、茼蒿(Chrysanthemum coronarium L).和大蒜(Alliumsativum L).作为人工生物浮岛栽培植物,去除富营养化水体中氮的可行性和净化效果。采用常规耗竭法进行吸收动力学试验,研究植物根系对不同形态氮的吸收特性,为浮床植物遴选提供理论依据。结果表明:芹菜、茼蒿和大蒜在水中生长状况良好,试验前后生物量相对增长了121.24%~330.12%;三种经济植物浮床系统净化效果显著,对水中TN的去除率为44.94%~82.84%,高于空白对照系统(25.15%)。三种植物浮床系统对TN去除效果差异极显著(P0.05),根据这三种植物根系对不同形态氮在不同浓度水平下的吸收特性研究发现,其吸收规律均符合Michaelis-Menten动力学方程,但不同种类植物根系吸收特性存在差异,从而影响不同形态氮的去除效果。其中芹菜对NH4+-N的吸收潜力最大,对NO3--N的亲和力最大,大蒜对NO3--N的吸收潜力最大,对NH4+-N亲和力最大,茼蒿对两种形态氮的吸收能力较差。     

Cadmium uptake and speciation changes in the rhizosphere of cadmium accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties

Characteristics of cadmium (Cd) uptake kinetics and distribution of Cd speciation in the rhizosphere for Cd accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties were investigated under nutrient solution and rhizobox soil culture conditions. The results showed that the maximal influx (V_max) for Cd²⁺ andK_m were significantly different for the two oilseed rape varieties. The value of V_max for Cd accumulator oilseed rape Zhucang Huazi was two-fold greater than that for oilseed rape Chuan you II-93. The exchangeable Cd concentration in the rhizosphere was significantly lower than in non-rhizospheric soils supplemented with CdSO₄ for both the varieties. Carbonate-bound Cd in the rhizosphere of Cd accumulator oilseed rape was significantly higher than that in the rhizosphere of non-accumulator oilseed rape and non-rhizospheric soil. Cd accumulator oilseed rape had a higher Cd²⁺ affinity and more ability to uptake insoluble Cd in the soil than the non-accumulator oilseed rape.     

镇江市新区第二污水处理厂入网企业废水毒性试验

镇江市新区第二污水厂进水主要是新区化工园区的混合化工废水,针对生化系统经常遭受异常进水或毒性物质冲击的情况,提出了以耗氧速率(OUR)及COD去除率和硝化速率评价污水可生物降解性的方法,以提高活性污泥系统的处理效率和运行管理水平。研究结果表明,六类化工企业废水的毒性大小顺序为农药类﹥电子类﹥染料类﹥造纸类﹥橡胶类﹥酒精类。     

NO2在高岭石表面的非均相反应研究

高岭石是典型的1∶1型层状结构的硅铝酸盐,研究其非均相反应对于了解粘土类矿物的非均相反应具有重要的意义.因此,试验以原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱（DRIFTS）为研究手段,对NO2在高岭石表面的非均相反应进行了系统的研究.结果表明,NO2在高岭石表面发生歧化反应生成NO3-和NO2-.相对湿度对非均相反应具有重要影响,有水汽存在时会增加反应的持续能力,但相对湿度的增加会使摄取系数降低.在干态和湿态条件下,NO2在高岭石表面的反应机理不同,干态下为二级反应,湿态下为一级反应.     

Predicting As, Cd and Pb uptake by rice and vegetables using field data from China

Plant uptake factor (PUF), single-variable regression of natural log-transformed concentrations in rice grain/vegetables versus natural log-transformed concentrations in soil and multiple-variable regression with soil concentrations and pH, was derived, validated and compared based on the paired crop and soil data collected from studies regarding As, Cd and Pb contaminated croplands in China. Results showed that the median value of PUF did not present deterministic prediction. But after natural logarithm transformation, the PUF followed Gaussian distribution which could be useful in risk assessment. The single-variable regression models were significant for As, Cd and Pb uptake both by rice and vegetables; however, the standard errors of all the regressions were comparatively large. Soil pH as a variable was generally significant but it only contributed positively to model fit for Cd uptake. After model comparison and selection, the upper 95% prediction limits of the multiple regression model for Cd uptake by rice was recommended to calculate screening value of Cd for paddy soil based on the limit for Cd concentration in rice grain.     

有机酸、 EDTA对不同水稻品种Cd吸收及土壤Cd形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd (0、 1和5 mg·kg^-1)污染下,外源有机酸、 EDTA对不同水稻品种产量、 品质、 Cd吸收以及土壤Cd形态和含量的影响.结果表明,加入有机酸、 EDTA提高了高Cd积累型水稻秀水63和常规品种Ⅱ优527产量,作用大小为有机酸、 有机酸+1/2EDTA>EDTA.加入有机酸、 EDTA降低了2个水稻品种的土壤交换态、 碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态Cd含量,但增加了土壤有机结合态和残渣态含量.加入有机酸、 EDTA使2个品种水稻秸秆、 根系、 籽粒Cd含量明显降低,其中,籽粒Cd含量分别下降了9.0%～49.3%和16.5%～30.6%(1 mg·kg^-1 Cd污染)、 12.7%～28.5%和4.3%～19.1%(5 mg·kg^-1 Cd污染),效果为EDTA>有机酸+1/2EDTA>有机酸.秸秆、 根、 籽粒Cd含量和积累量及土壤全Cd含量则以秀水63>Ⅱ优527,品种间差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）.有机酸+1/2EDTA既可降低Cd污染土壤上水稻籽粒中Cd含量,同时也提高了水稻的产量和品质.     

铜镉复合胁迫下温度对小麦幼苗生长及其对铜、镉和矿质营养元素吸收与各元素在亚细胞分布的影响

为了研究重金属复合胁迫下温度变化对陆生植物的毒性效应的影响,实验采用水培的方法,设置对照和Cu-Cd复合胁迫(10 μmol·L1 Cu+10μmol·L-1Cd)2个处理,每个处理分别设置3个不同的培养温度(8/4℃、25/20℃和35/30℃),对小麦进行48 h的暴露实验,测定小麦幼苗的生长及其对重金属和矿质营养...